Pest Avoidance Through Crop Management
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Although soybean is a crop of one plant species, differences caused by variety selection, planting date, cultural techniques, site, and season makes the crop highly variable in its attractiveness to insect pests. In other words, all soybean fields are not alike, as far as attracting and building-up pest insects is concerned. If these differences are recognized, the grower can actually plan to manage the crop for reduced insect pest numbers or, when this is not possible, they can predict which of fields are attractive and may need more attention to prevent yield loss. Also, pest insects in soybean fields are greatly reduced by beneficial insects. If these predators and parasites are not adversely affected by unnecessary insecticide use, they will provide the grower with a large measure of free insect control. Important tactics used to reduce insect damage include the following (the opposite of the described practices may lead to increased pest insect infestation):
Site selection: Several insect and pathogen pests build-up if soybeans are not rotated, therefore, rotation helps insure reduced pest levels and improved crop health. Sites that have limiting pest, physical, or soil chemical problems should be avoided if these problems cannot be corrected.
Early planting: Planting before May 20 usually ensures that few late season caterpillars will develop in the field; however, some early planted fields may be more attractive to kudzu bugs, which are rare pests, and occasionally stink bugs.
Fertility and pH maintenance: Good growth might attract some pests, like corn earworm, but it also enhances the plant’s ability to compensate for damage. Reducing plant stress from low pH, poor fertility, or inadequate moisture will enable plants to tolerate insect feeding to a high degree.
Variety selection: If planted early, maturity Group V and earlier maturing varieties will bloom and harden-off before the corn earworm moth flight and, therefore, will be unsuitable for infestation. Also, early maturity can greatly reduce soybean looper, velvetbean caterpillar, and late stink bug infestations; in rare situations stink bugs can be trap cropped by early maturity fields.
Narrow rows (21″ or less): A complete canopy allows a higher level of biological control by insect predators, parasites, and diseases.
Avoiding unwarranted insecticide use: Both foliar sprays and Aldicarb used at-planting may reduce the build-up of beneficial insects and lead to more severe later season caterpillar infestations. Early-season insect pests rarely require insecticide and, if used, may produce more negative consequence by removing predators and parasites than benefits from insect control. In areas that have soybean looper and velvetbean caterpillar, spraying for corn earworm or stink bug may lead to high infestation by these later season pests. Therefore, avoiding unwarranted corn earworm treatments will tend to reduce other late season caterpillar numbers. Also, insecticide intended for corn earworm, but applied too early, can cause a severe corn earworm infestation. If early season (before corn earworm) spraying is necessary, a low rate of a caterpillar-specific insecticide (not a pyrethroid or acephate) will cause the least disruption to the important predators and will usually reduce beetles or worms (caterpillars) to below threshold if properly timed and applied.